A communication satellite function as an overhead wireless repeater station that provides a microwave conversation link between two geographically remote sites. Caused by its large altitude, satellite transmissions can cover a huge region over the surface of the soil. Every satellite phone is equipped with a variety of "transponders" consisting of your transceiver and an antenna tuned to some certain part of the allocated spectrum. The incoming signal is amplified and then rebroadcast over a diverse frequency. Most satellites simply broadcast what ever they obtain, and are typically referred to as "bent pipes". These were traditionally used to support applications including TV broadcasts and voice telephony. In recent periods, using satellites in packet info transmission has been on the rise. They are typically utilised in WAN networks in which they provide backbone links to geographically dispersed LAN's and MAN's.

Satellite-based telecommunication programs deliver two essential advantages, i.e.

- independence of terrestrial infrastructure and

- global coverage.

Satellite cellular phone connection channels are characterized by:

- Wide Spot protection on the earth's surface.

- Long transmission delays.

- Broadcast transmission.

- Large Channel Bandwidth.

- Transmission costs impartial of Distance.

The received microwave power involved in satellite cellular phone links is commonly really small (of the order of a number of 100 picowatts). This indicates that specially designed soil stations that maintain C/N (carrier to noise ratio) to some minimum are used to transmit/receive satellite phone communications. The front-end receiver is the most critical part of the transceiver and is usually an important aspect within the overall cost of the satellite Soil Station. It normally employs a large antenna (Obtain of your parabolic antenna is proportional on the square of its diameter) along with a highly linear, low noise microwave amplifier (LNA).

Satellite phone links can operate in different frequency bands and use separate carrier frequencies with the up-link and down-link. Using C bands was most typical in 1st generation Satellite phone techniques. However this band is already crowded as terrestrial microwave links also use these frequencies. The latest trend is toward the higher frequencies of Ku and Ka bands. Attenuation caused by rain is usually a important issue in both of these bands. Also due to the greater frequencies, microwave equipment is still incredibly high-priced, specifically within the Ka band.

Modern Satellites are often equipped with various transponders. The location of the earth's surface area covered by a satellite's transmission beam is referred to since the "footprint" on the satellite phone transponders. The up-link is really a highly directional, point to point link applying a higher gain dish antenna in the ground station. The down-link can possess a substantial footprint delivering coverage for substantial spot or perhaps a "spot beam" can be utilised to concentrate large power on a small region therefore requiring cheaper and smaller ground stations. Furthermore, some satellites can dynamically redirect their beams and therefore adjust their coverage area.

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